AP Psychology Unit 5

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This deck includes 158 flashcards covering personality disorder, disorders, therapy, and related concepts. Use it to review key Psychology ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

• 01

  Unit 5 - Part 2

  AP Psychology Unit 5 · Psychotherapy Approaches and Ethics

• 02

  Unit 5 - Part 1

  AP Psychology Unit 5 · Mental & Physical Health

1. 01

   What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?

   OCD = Ego-Dystonic (hates their compulsions and wants to stop them OCPD = Ego-Syntonic (person thinks their way is the “right” way)

2. 02

   What are hallucinations? (+)

   Hallucinations are false perceptions without external stimuli. Auditory hallucinations are the most common.

3. 03

   What are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?

   Negative symptoms include flat affect (reduced emotional expression) and alogia (diminished speech).

4. 04

   What is Individual Therapy?

   Highly personalized and in-depth treatment plan.

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   What is Post-traumatic growth?

   Overcoming traumatic events to find new purpose and meaning in life.

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   What are the causes of Bipolar Disorder?

   Genetic/Biological Factors, Social & Cultural Influences (significant trauma, major loss), and Behavioral & Cognitive Factors (irregular sleep schedule, substance misuse).

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   What is Group Therapy?

   Cost-effective, provides community and peer feedback.

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   What are the causes of Selected Feeding and Eating Disorders?

   Causes include genetic/biological factors (Serotonin, leptin/ghrelin), social/cultural influences (Society Pressures), and behavioral factors like positive reinforcement.

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   What are Ethical Guidelines?

   Non-maleficence, Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, Respect for Rights and Dignity.

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    What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?

    Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking (middle schoolers), with exaggerated displays of emotion and use of physical appearance.

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    What do Anti-anxiety Drugs do?

    Enhance the action of GABA.

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    What is Positive Psychology?

    Trying to understand what makes life worth living. Focuses on 3 main areas: positive emotions, character strengths, and resilience & well-being.

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    What is Tardive dyskinesia?

    Disorder of involuntary repetitive body movements.

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    What is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)?

    Focuses on mindfulness and emotional regulation.

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    What are the causes of Selected Psychological Disorders?

    The dopamine hypothesis(high dopamine leads to positive symptoms, and vice versa) and genetics

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    What is Free Association?

    Patient speaks freely about thoughts/images to find patterns of unconscious motivations.

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    What is the Cognitive Triad?

    Self-reinforcing loop of negative thoughts regarding self, world, and future.

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    What is Psychodynamic Therapy?

    Focuses on unconscious motivations and past feelings projected onto the therapist.

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    What is Dream Interpretation?

    Analyzing manifest (storyline) and latent (symbolic meaning) content of dreams.

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    What is Transference?

    Projection of past feelings onto the therapist.

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    What is Hypnosis?

    A state of focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and deep relaxation.

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    What are the benefits of Hypnosis?

    Reduces pain and anxiety.

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    What is Hypnosis NOT effective for?

    Helping individuals remember past events.

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    What is Cognitive Therapy?

    Focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive or distorted thinking.

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    What are the Cognitive factors that cause depressive disorders?

    Persistent pessimistic thoughts, self-criticism.

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    What is the Evolutionary perspective on disorders?

    Disorders linked to inherited genetic traits.

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    What is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?

    Being perfectionists, constantly seeking control, and wanting things to be in a set order.

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    What is catatonia? (Disorganized Motor Behavior)

    Catatonia affects a person's movement and behavior. It can manifest as sudden, very active out-of-control movements (Catatonic Excitement) or near unresponsiveness and minimum movement (Catatonic Stupor).

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    What do Anti-psychotics do?

    Block dopamine receptors to treat hallucinations or delusions.

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    What is Childhood Disintegrative Disorder?

    Children experience a rapid, significant loss of previously acquired skills.

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    What is a Culture-Bound Disorder?

    Psychological condition specific to a particular cultural group.

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    What are diagnostic tools for disorders?

    DSM and ICD.

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    What is Cultural Humility?

    Therapist being respectful and open to the client's cultural background, beliefs, and values.

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    What is the effect of chronic stress?

    Chronic stress can lead to hypertension and negative health effects.

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    What are the three stages of the GAS?

    Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.

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    What are causes of stress?

    Daily hassles, traumatic events (e.g., PTSD), and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).

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    What happens during the Exhaustion stage of GAS?

    Fatigue sets in, and the immune system weakens.

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    What is the Tend-and-Befriend Theory?

    A theory where primary female responses to stress involve nurturing offspring and forming social alliances.

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    What is Problem-Focused Coping?

    Coping where the stressor is a problem that can be solved. This involves identifying the source and creating a plan to reduce the stress.

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    What led to the Deinstitutionalization movement?

    Development of psychotropic medications.

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    What is Perception of Distress?

    Involves subjective experiences of negative emotions.

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    What is Gratitude?

    Recognizing and appreciating positive aspects of life. Expressing gratitude leads to higher levels of happiness.

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    What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?

    Belief that others want to harm or deceive them, leading to distrust.

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    What are the three factors for identifying disorders?

    Level of Dysfunction, Perception of Distress, and Deviation from Social Norms.

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    What is the Behavioral perspective on disorders?

    Maladaptive learned associations between stimuli and responses that are harmful.

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    What are the symptoms of Selected Psychological Disorders?

    Acute symptoms (appear suddenly) and chronic symptoms (develop over time)

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    What is the Psychodynamic perspective on disorders?

    Highlights unconscious conflicts.

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    What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

    A blend of cognitive and behavioral approaches.

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    What is the Cognitive perspective on disorders?

    Disorders come from maladaptive thought patterns.

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    What is the Biopsychosocial Model?

    Disorders influenced by interconnected factors.

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    What is PTSD?

    Re-experience the traumatic event they witnessed.

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    What are the five key areas of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?

    The five key areas are behaviors added or reduced, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, and disorganized motor behavior.

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    What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

    Individuals experience 2+ distinct personality states and memory gaps, often linked to severe childhood trauma.

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    What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social situations.

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    What are the 6 Core Virtues/Character Strengths?

    Wisdom (Cognitive Strength), Courage (Emotional Strength), Humanity (Interpersonal Strengths), Justice (Civil Strength), Temperance (Strengths that protect against excess), Transcendence (Strengths that forge connections to the larger universe).

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    What is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

    Intense mood changes for at least 2 weeks.

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    What is Emotion-Focused Coping?

    Coping that involves managing emotional reactions instead of trying to change the stressor itself. This can involve relaxation techniques, meditation, and physical activities.

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    What is Eustress?

    Positive stress that motivates an individual.

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    What are Multi-Dimensional Models?

    Models where disorders are influenced by interconnected factors.

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    What is the Alarm Reaction stage of GAS?

    The fight-flight-freeze response, involving the release of adrenaline or cortisol.

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    What happens with prolonged stress?

    Prolonged stress weakens the body's ability.

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    What is the Sociocultural perspective on disorders?

    Cultural norms and interpersonal relationships.

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    What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?

    Interaction between a diathesis (genetic/biological vulnerability) and stress.

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    What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

    Need for admiration and lack of empathy for others, with an inflated sense of self-importance.

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    What happens during the Resistance stage of GAS?

    When a stressor persists, the body attempts to adapt and uses more energy.

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    What is the Biological perspective on disorders?

    Neurotransmitter imbalances and brain structure abnormalities.

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    What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?

    Detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

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    What is Deviation from Social Norms?

    Behavior is judged against social and cultural standards.

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    What is the Humanistic perspective on disorders?

    Incongruent self-concept.

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    What do Antidepressants do?

    Boost serotonin (SSRI) and norepinephrine.

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    What are the causes of Dissociative Disorders?

    Traumatic or highly stressful experiences, and stress and coping mechanisms.

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    What is Aversion Therapy?

    Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to create a negative association.

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    What is Biofeedback?

    Using electronic monitoring of physiological processes to become more aware and self-regulate the nervous system.

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    What are Exposure Therapies?

    Pairing a feared stimulus with relaxation (classical conditioning).

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    What is Behavioral Therapy?

    Behavior is learned and can be modified through conditioning.

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    What is a Token Economy?

    Reward desired behaviors with tokens (operant conditioning).

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    What is Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

    Uses the ABCDE model.

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    What is the Belief in REBT?

    The irrational thought or automatic beliefs about the event.

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    What is Disputation in REBT?

    Challenging the belief as irrational.

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    What is the Effective new belief in REBT?

    When irrational beliefs are registered, a more rational, positive perspective can be adopted.

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    What is Active Listening?

    The therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies the client's thoughts to validate their feelings.

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    What is Systematic Desensitization?

    The client is gradually exposed to increasing intense versions of the stimuli that they fear.

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    What is Mindfulness?

    Focusing on the present moment and accepting feelings without judgment.

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    What is the Consequence in REBT?

    Emotional or behavioral outcomes resulting from the beliefs.

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    What is Humanistic Therapy (Person-Centered Therapy)?

    Focuses on inherent goodness and personal growth.

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    What is the Activating Event in REBT?

    The external event that causes the client to feel or think in a certain way.

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    What is Lithium used for?

    Mood stabilizer primarily used for bipolar disorder.

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    What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

    Uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells involved in mood regulation (for depression).

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    What is Unconditional Positive Regard?

    Providing complete acceptance regardless of what the client says or does.

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    What are the Goals of Humanistic Therapy?

    Achieving self-actualization, increasing self-awareness, and reaching congruence.

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    What is Psychosurgery?

    Invasive procedures like lesioning.

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    What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

    Passing electrical currents through the brain to trigger a brief seizure used for severe depression.

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    What is ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)?

    Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with difficulty maintaining focus and acting without thinking.

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    What is Cognitive Restructuring?

    Challenging and replacing negative thoughts with positive and realistic ones.

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    What is a Fear Hierarchy?

    List of anxiety-provoking situations from least to most frightening, used to treat phobias.

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    What is Dependent Personality Disorder?

    A strong need to be taken care of, difficulty making decisions independently, and often having separation issues.

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    What is Hoarding Disorder?

    Hoarding Disorder is the difficulty discarding possessions.

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    What are the causes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

    Causes include genetic mutations or inherited genes (genetic), brain growth and neurotransmitter imbalances (physiological), and environmental factors like teratogens (environmental).

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    What is Asperger's Syndrome?

    Characterized by struggles with socializing but often being intelligent with very strong interests (savant skill).

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     What is Rett Syndrome?

     Almost exclusive in girls, it involves impairments in language, coordination, and repetitive behaviors.

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     What is a delusion? (+)

     A delusion is a false belief. There are two types (persecution, grandeur)

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     What is a delusion of persecution?

     A delusion of persecution is the belief that others are out to harm you.

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     What is a delusion of grandeur?

     A delusion of grandeur is the belief in exceptional abilities or fame.

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     What is Bipolar Disorder?

     Involve shifts between manic episodes and depressive episodes.

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     Social Anxiety Disorder

     Fear of being judged.

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     What is disorganized thinking/speech? (+)

     Disorganized thinking/speech involves word salad (random words), loose associations (jumping between unrelated topics) and tangential speech (staying off topic)

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     What is Dissociative Fugue?

     An individual wanders and forgets their identity.

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     What is disorganized motor behavior?

     Disorganized motor behavior refers to abnormal movements and behavior.

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     What are Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

     Disorders that emerge in childhood, causing functional impairments in social relationships, communication, or learning.

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     What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

     An umbrella term for a variety of disorders where people have challenges communicating.

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     What is a Manic Episode?

     Moments of high energy, impulsivity, and euphoria.

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     What is a Depressive Episode?

     Moments of low energy.

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     What are the criteria for Bipolar I?

     At least one full manic episode lasting at least 7 days (but not required) followed by 2 weeks of depression.

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     What are the Genetic/Biological causes of depressive disorders?

     Low serotonin and norepinephrine.

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     What is Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)?

     Less intense mood changes but longer, for 2 years.

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     What are the Cultural influences that cause depressive disorders?

     Cultural norms and expectations.

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     Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

     Excessive fear separating from an individual.

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     Specific Phobia

     Intense irrational fear/anxiety directed at a particular object/situation.

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     What characterizes Bipolar II?

     Characterized by hypomanic episodes (less severe than full mania) and major depressive episodes.

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     Anxiety Disorders

     Excessive fear or worry leading to avoidance and safety-seeking behaviors.

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     What are Depressive Disorders?

     Mood changes, physical changes (fatigue, appetite changes), and cognitive changes (trouble concentrating, suicidal thoughts).

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     Panic Disorder

     Unexpected episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms.

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     What is Agoraphobia?

     Fear of situations where escape might be difficult.

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     What is Cluster C (Anxious/Fearful) Personality Disorder?

     Characterized by anxiety, fearfulness, and behaviors aimed at avoiding perceived harm or rejection.

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     What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

     Excessive, uncontrollable anxiety.

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     What are the Social influences that cause depressive disorders?

     Major changes and traumatic life events.

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     What is hypervigilance?

     When an individual is always on the lookout for danger.

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     What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

     OCD is a cycle of obsessions and compulsions.

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     Japanese cultural variant of Social Anxiety Disorder

     Taijin Kyofusho (fear of offending others).

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     What is Level of Dysfunction?

     How well a person can carry out day-to-day activities and responsibilities.

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     What are obsessions in OCD?

     Obsessions are repeated, intensive, unwanted thoughts.

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     What is Bipolar Cycling?

     Individuals experience alternating periods of mania and depression.

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     What are the Behavioral factors that cause depressive disorders?

     Poor diet, lack of exercise, substance abuse, learned helplessness.

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     Ataque de Nervios

     Panic attacks involving screaming or aggressive behavior.

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     What are the causes of Cluster C Personality Disorder?

     Causes include genetic/biological factors, social/cultural influences (abuse, neglect), and behavioral/cognitive factors (maladaptive learning).

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     What are the causes of Anxiety Disorders?

     Genetic/Biological (norepinephrine), Behavioral Factors (learned associations, observational learning), Cognitive Factors (pessimistic thoughts).

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     What is Bulimia Nervosa?

     A cycle of binge eating followed by purging, which can damage the digestive system, heart, and psychological well-being.

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     What are compulsions in OCD?

     Compulsions are repeated behaviors done to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions.

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     What is localized Dissociative Amnesia?

     Failure to recall events during a circumscribed period of time.

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     What are the causes of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

     Causes include genetic/biological factors, behavioral factors, and cognitive factors.

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     What is generalized Dissociative Amnesia?

     A complete loss of memory for one's life history.

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     What are causes of trauma and stressor-related disorders?

     Traumatic or highly stressful environments.

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     What is Selective Dissociative Amnesia?

     Recall some, but not all

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     What is a Selected Personality Disorder?

     Generally, these disorders start in late adolescence or early adulthood and involve inflexible, disruptive behavior.

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     What is Dissociative Amnesia?

     Inability to recall personal information due to trauma, which can be localized or generalized.

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     What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

     Instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions, with fear of abandonment and intense mood swings.

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     What is Cluster A (Odd/Eccentric) Personality Disorder?

     Characterized by social awkwardness, suspiciousness, and difficulty relating to others.

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     What is Anorexia Nervosa?

     Extreme food restriction, intense fear of weight gain, and distorted body image, which can lead to complications.

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     What is a Dissociative Disorder?

     It involves a disconnection from a person's consciousness, memory, emotion, etc.

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     What is Distress?

     Negative stress that overwhelms an individual.

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     What is Cluster B (Dramatic/Emotional) Personality Disorder?

     Characterized by intense emotions, impulsive behaviors, and a strong need for attention.

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     What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

     Eccentric behaviors (appearance; fashion designers), odd beliefs, social anxiety, feeling discomfort in social settings.

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     What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

     Disregard for others' rights, repulsive behavior, and lack of remorse, exhibiting a lack of conscience (psychopathy/sociopathy).

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     What is Meta-analysis?

     Research method that combines results from multiple independent studies.

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     What is Therapeutic Alliance?

     Trusting, collaborative relationship between therapist and client.

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     What is Psychotherapy?

     Treatment used to help individuals manage emotional and behavioral challenges through structured conversations with a trained mental health professional.

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     What is Effect Size?

     Statistical measure in meta-analysis quantifying treatment effect strength.

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     What are Evidence-Based Interventions?

     Treatments that have been scientifically tested and proven effective.