AP Psychology Unit 5

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This deck includes 158 flashcards covering disorders, perspective, model, and related concepts. Use it to review key Psychology ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

• 01

  Unit 5 - Part 2

  AP Psychology Unit 5 · Psychotherapy Approaches and Ethics

• 02

  Unit 5 - Part 1

  AP Psychology Unit 5 · Mental & Physical Health

1. 01

   What are the three stages of the GAS?

   Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.

2. 02

   What is the effect of chronic stress?

   Chronic stress can lead to hypertension and negative health effects.

3. 03

   What happens during the Resistance stage of GAS?

   When a stressor persists, the body attempts to adapt and uses more energy.

4. 04

   What happens with prolonged stress?

   Prolonged stress weakens the body's ability.

5. 05

   What is the Alarm Reaction stage of GAS?

   The fight-flight-freeze response, involving the release of adrenaline or cortisol.

6. 06

   What is Eustress?

   Positive stress that motivates an individual.

7. 07

   What is Emotion-Focused Coping?

   Coping that involves managing emotional reactions instead of trying to change the stressor itself. This can involve relaxation techniques, meditation, and physical activities.

8. 08

   What are the 6 Core Virtues/Character Strengths?

   Wisdom (Cognitive Strength), Courage (Emotional Strength), Humanity (Interpersonal Strengths), Justice (Civil Strength), Temperance (Strengths that protect against excess), Transcendence (Strengths that forge connections to the larger universe).

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   What is Distress?

   Negative stress that overwhelms an individual.

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    What is Post-traumatic growth?

    Overcoming traumatic events to find new purpose and meaning in life.

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    What is Gratitude?

    Recognizing and appreciating positive aspects of life. Expressing gratitude leads to higher levels of happiness.

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    What is Positive Psychology?

    Trying to understand what makes life worth living. Focuses on 3 main areas: positive emotions, character strengths, and resilience & well-being.

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    What is Problem-Focused Coping?

    Coping where the stressor is a problem that can be solved. This involves identifying the source and creating a plan to reduce the stress.

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    What is the Tend-and-Befriend Theory?

    A theory where primary female responses to stress involve nurturing offspring and forming social alliances.

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    What happens during the Exhaustion stage of GAS?

    Fatigue sets in, and the immune system weakens.

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    What are causes of stress?

    Daily hassles, traumatic events (e.g., PTSD), and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).

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    What are the three factors for identifying disorders?

    Level of Dysfunction, Perception of Distress, and Deviation from Social Norms.

18. 18

    What is Level of Dysfunction?

    How well a person can carry out day-to-day activities and responsibilities.

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    What is the Evolutionary perspective on disorders?

    Disorders linked to inherited genetic traits.

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    What are diagnostic tools for disorders?

    DSM and ICD.

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    What is Perception of Distress?

    Involves subjective experiences of negative emotions.

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    What is the Behavioral perspective on disorders?

    Maladaptive learned associations between stimuli and responses that are harmful.

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    What is the Psychodynamic perspective on disorders?

    Highlights unconscious conflicts.

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    What is the Cognitive perspective on disorders?

    Disorders come from maladaptive thought patterns.

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    What is the Biopsychosocial Model?

    Disorders influenced by interconnected factors.

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    What are Multi-Dimensional Models?

    Models where disorders are influenced by interconnected factors.

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    What is the Sociocultural perspective on disorders?

    Cultural norms and interpersonal relationships.

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    What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?

    Interaction between a diathesis (genetic/biological vulnerability) and stress.

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    What is the Biological perspective on disorders?

    Neurotransmitter imbalances and brain structure abnormalities.

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    What is Deviation from Social Norms?

    Behavior is judged against social and cultural standards.

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    What is the Humanistic perspective on disorders?

    Incongruent self-concept.

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    What are hallucinations? (+)

    Hallucinations are false perceptions without external stimuli. Auditory hallucinations are the most common.

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    What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

    An umbrella term for a variety of disorders where people have challenges communicating.

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    What are the causes of Selected Psychological Disorders?

    The dopamine hypothesis(high dopamine leads to positive symptoms, and vice versa) and genetics

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    What are Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

    Disorders that emerge in childhood, causing functional impairments in social relationships, communication, or learning.

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    What are the causes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

    Causes include genetic mutations or inherited genes (genetic), brain growth and neurotransmitter imbalances (physiological), and environmental factors like teratogens (environmental).

37. 37

    What is disorganized motor behavior?

    Disorganized motor behavior refers to abnormal movements and behavior.

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    What is a delusion? (+)

    A delusion is a false belief. There are two types (persecution, grandeur)

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    What is a delusion of grandeur?

    A delusion of grandeur is the belief in exceptional abilities or fame.

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    What are the symptoms of Selected Psychological Disorders?

    Acute symptoms (appear suddenly) and chronic symptoms (develop over time)

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    What is a delusion of persecution?

    A delusion of persecution is the belief that others are out to harm you.

42. 42

    What is disorganized thinking/speech? (+)

    Disorganized thinking/speech involves word salad (random words), loose associations (jumping between unrelated topics) and tangential speech (staying off topic)

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    What is Asperger's Syndrome?

    Characterized by struggles with socializing but often being intelligent with very strong interests (savant skill).

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    What are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?

    Negative symptoms include flat affect (reduced emotional expression) and alogia (diminished speech).

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    What are the five key areas of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?

    The five key areas are behaviors added or reduced, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, and disorganized motor behavior.

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    What is Rett Syndrome?

    Almost exclusive in girls, it involves impairments in language, coordination, and repetitive behaviors.

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    What is catatonia? (Disorganized Motor Behavior)

    Catatonia affects a person's movement and behavior. It can manifest as sudden, very active out-of-control movements (Catatonic Excitement) or near unresponsiveness and minimum movement (Catatonic Stupor).

48. 48

    What is Childhood Disintegrative Disorder?

    Children experience a rapid, significant loss of previously acquired skills.

49. 49

    What is ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)?

    Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with difficulty maintaining focus and acting without thinking.

50. 50

    What are the Cognitive factors that cause depressive disorders?

    Persistent pessimistic thoughts, self-criticism.

51. 51

    What is a Manic Episode?

    Moments of high energy, impulsivity, and euphoria.

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    What is a Depressive Episode?

    Moments of low energy.

53. 53

    What is Bipolar Cycling?

    Individuals experience alternating periods of mania and depression.

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    Social Anxiety Disorder

    Fear of being judged.

55. 55

    What are the Behavioral factors that cause depressive disorders?

    Poor diet, lack of exercise, substance abuse, learned helplessness.

56. 56

    What characterizes Bipolar II?

    Characterized by hypomanic episodes (less severe than full mania) and major depressive episodes.

57. 57

    Anxiety Disorders

    Excessive fear or worry leading to avoidance and safety-seeking behaviors.

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    What are Depressive Disorders?

    Mood changes, physical changes (fatigue, appetite changes), and cognitive changes (trouble concentrating, suicidal thoughts).

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    What is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

    Intense mood changes for at least 2 weeks.

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    Panic Disorder

    Unexpected episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms.

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    What are the Social influences that cause depressive disorders?

    Major changes and traumatic life events.

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    Ataque de Nervios

    Panic attacks involving screaming or aggressive behavior.

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    What are the causes of Bipolar Disorder?

    Genetic/Biological Factors, Social & Cultural Influences (significant trauma, major loss), and Behavioral & Cognitive Factors (irregular sleep schedule, substance misuse).

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    Japanese cultural variant of Social Anxiety Disorder

    Taijin Kyofusho (fear of offending others).

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    Specific Phobia

    Intense irrational fear/anxiety directed at a particular object/situation.

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    Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

    Excessive fear separating from an individual.

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    What are the Cultural influences that cause depressive disorders?

    Cultural norms and expectations.

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    What is Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)?

    Less intense mood changes but longer, for 2 years.

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    What are the Genetic/Biological causes of depressive disorders?

    Low serotonin and norepinephrine.

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    What are the criteria for Bipolar I?

    At least one full manic episode lasting at least 7 days (but not required) followed by 2 weeks of depression.

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    What is Bipolar Disorder?

    Involve shifts between manic episodes and depressive episodes.

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    What is localized Dissociative Amnesia?

    Failure to recall events during a circumscribed period of time.

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    What is a Culture-Bound Disorder?

    Psychological condition specific to a particular cultural group.

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    What is PTSD?

    Re-experience the traumatic event they witnessed.

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    What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

    Individuals experience 2+ distinct personality states and memory gaps, often linked to severe childhood trauma.

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    What are the causes of Dissociative Disorders?

    Traumatic or highly stressful experiences, and stress and coping mechanisms.

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    What is Hoarding Disorder?

    Hoarding Disorder is the difficulty discarding possessions.

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    What is Dissociative Fugue?

    An individual wanders and forgets their identity.

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    What is Agoraphobia?

    Fear of situations where escape might be difficult.

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    What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    Excessive, uncontrollable anxiety.

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    What is hypervigilance?

    When an individual is always on the lookout for danger.

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    What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

    OCD is a cycle of obsessions and compulsions.

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    What are obsessions in OCD?

    Obsessions are repeated, intensive, unwanted thoughts.

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    What are the causes of Anxiety Disorders?

    Genetic/Biological (norepinephrine), Behavioral Factors (learned associations, observational learning), Cognitive Factors (pessimistic thoughts).

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    What are compulsions in OCD?

    Compulsions are repeated behaviors done to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions.

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    What are the causes of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

    Causes include genetic/biological factors, behavioral factors, and cognitive factors.

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    What is generalized Dissociative Amnesia?

    A complete loss of memory for one's life history.

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    What are causes of trauma and stressor-related disorders?

    Traumatic or highly stressful environments.

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    What is Dissociative Amnesia?

    Inability to recall personal information due to trauma, which can be localized or generalized.

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    What is a Dissociative Disorder?

    It involves a disconnection from a person's consciousness, memory, emotion, etc.

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    What is Selective Dissociative Amnesia?

    Recall some, but not all

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    What are the causes of Selected Feeding and Eating Disorders?

    Causes include genetic/biological factors (Serotonin, leptin/ghrelin), social/cultural influences (Society Pressures), and behavioral factors like positive reinforcement.

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    What are the causes of Cluster C Personality Disorder?

    Causes include genetic/biological factors, social/cultural influences (abuse, neglect), and behavioral/cognitive factors (maladaptive learning).

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    What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

    Eccentric behaviors (appearance; fashion designers), odd beliefs, social anxiety, feeling discomfort in social settings.

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    What is a Selected Personality Disorder?

    Generally, these disorders start in late adolescence or early adulthood and involve inflexible, disruptive behavior.

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    What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

    Need for admiration and lack of empathy for others, with an inflated sense of self-importance.

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    What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social situations.

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    What is Bulimia Nervosa?

    A cycle of binge eating followed by purging, which can damage the digestive system, heart, and psychological well-being.

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    What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

    Instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions, with fear of abandonment and intense mood swings.

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     What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?

     Belief that others want to harm or deceive them, leading to distrust.

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     What is Cluster A (Odd/Eccentric) Personality Disorder?

     Characterized by social awkwardness, suspiciousness, and difficulty relating to others.

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     What is Cluster C (Anxious/Fearful) Personality Disorder?

     Characterized by anxiety, fearfulness, and behaviors aimed at avoiding perceived harm or rejection.

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     What is Anorexia Nervosa?

     Extreme food restriction, intense fear of weight gain, and distorted body image, which can lead to complications.

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     What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

     Disregard for others' rights, repulsive behavior, and lack of remorse, exhibiting a lack of conscience (psychopathy/sociopathy).

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     What is the difference between OCD and OCPD?

     OCD = Ego-Dystonic (hates their compulsions and wants to stop them OCPD = Ego-Syntonic (person thinks their way is the “right” way)

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     What is Dependent Personality Disorder?

     A strong need to be taken care of, difficulty making decisions independently, and often having separation issues.

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     What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?

     Detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

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     What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?

     Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking (middle schoolers), with exaggerated displays of emotion and use of physical appearance.

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     What is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?

     Being perfectionists, constantly seeking control, and wanting things to be in a set order.

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     What is Cluster B (Dramatic/Emotional) Personality Disorder?

     Characterized by intense emotions, impulsive behaviors, and a strong need for attention.

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     What is Individual Therapy?

     Highly personalized and in-depth treatment plan.

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     What is Cognitive Restructuring?

     Challenging and replacing negative thoughts with positive and realistic ones.

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     What is Group Therapy?

     Cost-effective, provides community and peer feedback.

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     What is Meta-analysis?

     Research method that combines results from multiple independent studies.

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     What is Therapeutic Alliance?

     Trusting, collaborative relationship between therapist and client.

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     What is Psychotherapy?

     Treatment used to help individuals manage emotional and behavioral challenges through structured conversations with a trained mental health professional.

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     What is a Fear Hierarchy?

     List of anxiety-provoking situations from least to most frightening, used to treat phobias.

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     What led to the Deinstitutionalization movement?

     Development of psychotropic medications.

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     What is Cultural Humility?

     Therapist being respectful and open to the client's cultural background, beliefs, and values.

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     What is Cognitive Therapy?

     Focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive or distorted thinking.

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     What is Hypnosis NOT effective for?

     Helping individuals remember past events.

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     What are the benefits of Hypnosis?

     Reduces pain and anxiety.

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     What is Hypnosis?

     A state of focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and deep relaxation.

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     What is Transference?

     Projection of past feelings onto the therapist.

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     What is Dream Interpretation?

     Analyzing manifest (storyline) and latent (symbolic meaning) content of dreams.

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     What is Psychodynamic Therapy?

     Focuses on unconscious motivations and past feelings projected onto the therapist.

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     What is the Cognitive Triad?

     Self-reinforcing loop of negative thoughts regarding self, world, and future.

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     What is Free Association?

     Patient speaks freely about thoughts/images to find patterns of unconscious motivations.

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     What is Effect Size?

     Statistical measure in meta-analysis quantifying treatment effect strength.

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     What are Ethical Guidelines?

     Non-maleficence, Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, Respect for Rights and Dignity.

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     What are Evidence-Based Interventions?

     Treatments that have been scientifically tested and proven effective.

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     What are the Goals of Humanistic Therapy?

     Achieving self-actualization, increasing self-awareness, and reaching congruence.

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     What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

     Passing electrical currents through the brain to trigger a brief seizure used for severe depression.

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     What is a Token Economy?

     Reward desired behaviors with tokens (operant conditioning).

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     What is Behavioral Therapy?

     Behavior is learned and can be modified through conditioning.

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     What are Exposure Therapies?

     Pairing a feared stimulus with relaxation (classical conditioning).

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     What is Biofeedback?

     Using electronic monitoring of physiological processes to become more aware and self-regulate the nervous system.

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     What is Aversion Therapy?

     Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to create a negative association.

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     What do Antidepressants do?

     Boost serotonin (SSRI) and norepinephrine.

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     What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

     A blend of cognitive and behavioral approaches.

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     What do Anti-psychotics do?

     Block dopamine receptors to treat hallucinations or delusions.

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     What is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)?

     Focuses on mindfulness and emotional regulation.

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     What is Tardive dyskinesia?

     Disorder of involuntary repetitive body movements.

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     What do Anti-anxiety Drugs do?

     Enhance the action of GABA.

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     What is Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

     Uses the ABCDE model.

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     What is the Belief in REBT?

     The irrational thought or automatic beliefs about the event.

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     What is Disputation in REBT?

     Challenging the belief as irrational.

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     What is the Effective new belief in REBT?

     When irrational beliefs are registered, a more rational, positive perspective can be adopted.

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     What is Active Listening?

     The therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies the client's thoughts to validate their feelings.

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     What is Systematic Desensitization?

     The client is gradually exposed to increasing intense versions of the stimuli that they fear.

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     What is Mindfulness?

     Focusing on the present moment and accepting feelings without judgment.

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     What is the Consequence in REBT?

     Emotional or behavioral outcomes resulting from the beliefs.

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     What is Humanistic Therapy (Person-Centered Therapy)?

     Focuses on inherent goodness and personal growth.

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     What is the Activating Event in REBT?

     The external event that causes the client to feel or think in a certain way.

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     What is Lithium used for?

     Mood stabilizer primarily used for bipolar disorder.

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     What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

     Uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells involved in mood regulation (for depression).

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     What is Unconditional Positive Regard?

     Providing complete acceptance regardless of what the client says or does.

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     What is Psychosurgery?

     Invasive procedures like lesioning.