POC%20Lecture%20Notes%202026

About this deck

This deck includes 77 flashcards covering bst patients, skeletal traction, bst application, and related concepts. Use it to review key Physics ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

1. 01

   What is Balanced Skeletal Traction (BST)?

   An orthopedic treatment using surgically inserted pins, weights, and pulleys to apply steady, continuous pulling force directly to the bone for immobilizing and realigning severe fractures.

2. 02

   What are the purposes of BST?

   To support the affected extremity, prevent/correct deformity, immobilize the area, reduce pain and muscle spasm, reduce fracture, and maintain good body alignment.

3. 03

   What is the primary indication for BST?

   Fracture of the hip and femur.

4. 04

   What is the first step in preparing for BST application?

   Verify the doctor's order.

5. 05

   What are the main components of an orthopedic bed for BST?

   Balkan frame with vertical bars, horizontal bars, cross bars, diagonal bar, optional curved bar, overhead trapeze, and pulleys.

6. 06

   What equipment and materials are needed for BST application?

   Pearson attachment, Thomas splint, rest splint, Böhler-Braun splint, slings, clips/safety pins, ropes, weight bags, and foot board.

7. 07

   What are the principles of sling application?

   Not too tight nor too loose, one inch apart, popliteal and heel portions free, smooth/right-side in contact with skin.

8. 08

   How are slings applied to the thomas and pearson attachment?

   Two wider/longer slings for the thigh, three shorter/narrower slings for the lower leg.

9. 09

   What is the procedure for inserting the BST apparatus onto affected extremities?

   Requires three manpower: one for continuous traction, one to lift the leg, and one to insert the apparatus. Patient holds trapeze, flexes unaffected extremity, and lifts buttocks.

10. 10

    How is the traction weight applied?

    Tie traction rope to steinmann pin holder, run through third pulley, apply weight bag at bed level, and release manual traction.

11. 11

    What is a Cast?

    A rigid, circumferential device used to immobilize a broken bone or joint.

12. 12

    How is the suspension weight applied?

    Release thigh rope, attach to thomas splint, attach suspension rope to midpart of thigh rope, insert through first pulley (anchor weight bag), then through second pulley (under rest splint), and secure to thomas splint/pearson attachment.

13. 13

    What are the principles of traction?

    Patient in dorsal recumbent position, line of pull in line with deformity, continuous traction, avoid friction, and provide counter-traction with body weight.

14. 14

    What is the first step in removing BST?

    Verify the doctor's order.

15. 15

    What are the key nursing care aspects for BST patients regarding comfort?

    Provide skin care (bed bath, sponging affected extremity), perineal care, and change linen/slings as needed.

16. 16

    How can Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) or Pneumonia be prevented in BST patients?

    Teach deep diaphragmatic inhalation and 'huff' coughing, frequent repositioning, systemic hydration, and oral hygiene.

17. 17

    How can bedsores be prevented in BST patients?

    Use appropriate mattresses, ensure linens are taut/dry, float unaffected heels, assess affected heels, reposition pillows, and provide Thomas splint ring care.

18. 18

    How can Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) be prevented in BST patients?

    Aggressive hydration (2-3 liters daily) and meticulous perineal care (every 8 hours and after bowel movement).

19. 19

    How can bowel complications (constipation) be prevented in BST patients?

    Systemic hydration (2.5-3 liters daily) and adequate dietary fiber (25-30 grams daily).

20. 20

    How can pin site infections be prevented in BST patients?

    Mechanical stabilization, regular pin site inspection, avoid ointments unless ordered, and protect pin ends.

21. 21

    What measures prevent further deformity in BST patients?

    Provide range of motion exercises, static quadricep exercises, toe-pedal exercises, and apply foot supports.

22. 22

    What are the key nutritional recommendations for BST patients?

    High-quality protein diet, bone-building micronutrient triad (Calcium, Vit D, Vit C), gradually increase dietary fiber, hydrate adequately, and small frequent meals.

23. 23

    How can psychological support be provided to BST patients?

    Manage anxiety through education, foster autonomy, provide a safe space for concerns, and refer to social workers if needed.

24. 24

    What are examples of diversional activities for BST patients?

    Books, audiobooks, podcasts, crossword puzzles, movies, and television.

25. 25

    What are examples of spiritual support for BST patients?

    Encourage visits from family/friends, sharing spiritual texts, reading the Bible, and facilitating visits from chaplains.

26. 26

    What is Skeletal Traction?

    An orthopedic procedure using pins, wires, or screws surgically inserted directly into the bone.

27. 27

    What are the types of Skeletal Traction shown?

    Halo Traction (for cervical spine), Halo-Pelvic Traction (HPT) (for scoliosis), Halo-Femoral Traction (HFT) (for severe scoliosis), Overhead Traction, Ninety-ninety (90/90) Traction, Balanced Skeletal Traction (BST), and Bohler-Braun (BB) Splint.

28. 28

    What is Skin Traction?

    A non-invasive method using adhesive tape, boots, or splints attached to the skin to apply pulling force, typically for temporary stabilization and muscle spasm relief.

29. 29

    What are the types of Skin Traction shown?

    Adhesive skin traction (Dunlop Traction, Zero Degree Traction) and Non-adhesive traction (Head Halter Traction, Pelvic Girdle Traction, Cotrel Traction, Hammock Suspension Traction, Modified Buck's Extension Traction).

30. 30

    What is a Mold?

    A non-circumferential device used for initial stabilization, especially with open wounds, swelling, or infection.

31. 31

    What are the Cast Application Materials?

    Stockinette, Sheet Wadding, and Casting Material (Plaster of Paris or synthetic fiberglass).

32. 32

    What equipment is used for Cast Removal?

    Cast Cutter/Saw, Cast Spreader, Bandage Scissors, and Cast trimming knife.

33. 33

    What is Bivalving (Splitting) in cast management?

    Making two longitudinal cuts entirely through the cast to relieve tightness and pressure, especially in compartment syndrome.

34. 34

    What is Windowing (Fenestration) in cast management?

    Strategic, localized removal of a section of cast material to visualize surgical incisions, check drainage, or relieve pressure points.

35. 35

    What is Petalling (Finishing) in cast management?

    Smoothing rough cast edges to protect the patient's skin from friction and irritation.

36. 36

    What is Reinforcing in cast management?

    Adding extra layers of casting material to strengthen high-stress areas or stabilize a weakened/cracked cast.

37. 37

    What are some types of Casts and Molds for the Trunk and Upper Extremities?

    Collar Cast, Body Cast, Minerva Cast, Risser Jacket Cast, Shoulder Spica Cast, Sugar Tong, Short Arm Circular/Posterior Mold Cast, Munster or Fuenster Cast, Long Arm Circular/Posterior Mold Cast, and Hanging Cast.

38. 38

    What are some types of Casts and Molds for the Lower Extremities?

    Functional Cast, Airplane Cast, Thumb Spica Cast, Short Leg Circular/Posterior Mold Cast, Long Leg Circular/Posterior Mold Cast, Patellar Tendon Bearing Cast, Delvit Cast, Cylinder Cast/Mold, Basket Cast, Quadrilateral or Ischial Weight Bearing Cast, Cast Brace, Single Hip Spica Cast, 1½ Hip Spica Cast, Double Hip Spica Cast, Pantelon Cast, Frog Cast, and Petrie Cast.

39. 39

    What are the primary purposes of Braces or Orthoses?

    To manage pain, limit harmful movement, correct deformities, and aid rehabilitation.

40. 40

    What are the types of Braces based on function?

    Preventative (Prophylactic), Functional, and Rehabilitative.

41. 41

    What are some Braces for the Upper Trunk and Extremities?

    Shantz Collar, Philadelphia Collar, Four-Poster, SOMI, Forester, Knight-Taylor, Chairback, and Jewett.

42. 42

    What are some Braces for the Lower Trunk and Extremities?

    Milwaukee, Yamamoto, Boston, Banjo Splint, Oppenheimer Splint, Cock-up Splint, Scottish Rite, Denis Browne Splint, Night Splint, and Internal Rotator Splint.

43. 43

    What is the purpose of Orthopedic Hardware?

    To hold skeletal structures in place during fracture fixation, spinal reconstructions, or joint arthroplasty while the body heals.

44. 44

    What are the types of Internal Fixators?

    Intramedullary Nail, Compression Hip Screw / Dynamic Screw, Dynamic Compression Plate, and Semi-tubular Plate.

45. 45

    What are the types of External Fixators?

    Delta Frame, Hybrid External Fixator, Spanning External Fixator, Quadrilateral External Fixator, Hoffman's External Fixator, Crutchfield Tong, and Gardner Wells Tong.

46. 46

    What are some Orthopedic OR Instruments?

    IM Nail Extractor, Gigli Saw, Tenaculum, Lowman, Pin Cutter, Osteotome, Mallet, and Blair Knife.

47. 47

    What are some Orthopedic Surgical Pins?

    Kirschner wire (K-wire), Steinmann Pin with holder, and Schanz Screws / Threaded Pins.

48. 48

    What are some Orthopedic Bone Holding and Manipulation Instruments?

    Verbrugge, Reduction Bone Clamp, Rongeur, Pituitary Rongeur, Curette, and Cobb's Elevator.

49. 49

    What is a Reconstruction Plate (Recon Plate) used for?

    Mandible, Pelvic & Acetabulum, Clavicle & Upper Extremities, and Curved Bones.

50. 50

    What is a Buttress Plate used for?

    Metaphyseal & periarticular regions, Tibial Plateau, Distal Radius, Ankle Malleolar, Femoral Neck & Condylar Fractures, Spine Care, and fracture bones near joints.

51. 51

    What is a Cannulated Screw?

    A screw with a hollow central shaft (lumen) that allows a guide wire or screw to pass through.

52. 52

    What are Pedicular Screws & Rods used for?

    Spinal Fractures (Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Degenerative Disc, Spondylolisthesis) and tumors.

53. 53

    What is a Bipolar Hip Prosthesis with Acetabular Cap?

    Also known as Total Hip Replacement (THR), it replaces the head & neck of the femur, and the acetabulum.

54. 54

    What is a Bipolar Prosthesis used for?

    Partial Hip Replacement Arthroplasty, replacing only the head and neck of the femur.

55. 55

    What is an Antibiotic Spacer used for?

    Used to replace an infected hip prosthesis.

56. 56

    What is a Knee Prosthesis used for?

    Osteoarthritis and Total Knee Replacement Arthroplasty.

57. 57

    What are Antibiotic Beads used for?

    For osteomyelitis.

58. 58

    What is Cerclage Wire used for?

    Patellar Affection and Tension Band Wiring.

59. 59

    What are Surgical Pins used for?

    Small bones (hands, wrists, feet), and pediatric fractures.

60. 60

    What is an Ilizarov device used for?

    To reshape, lengthen, or rebuild severely damaged limb bones.

61. 61

    What is a Roger Anderson External Fixator (RAEF) used for?

    Comminuted fracture of the long bones.

62. 62

    What is a Spanning External Fixator used for?

    Bridging joints (knee, ankle, or wrist) by being placed above and below the joint.

63. 63

    What is a Quadrilateral External Fixator used for?

    Unstable distal tibia fractures.

64. 64

    What is a Crutchfield Tong used for?

    Cervical Spine.

65. 65

    What is a Gardner Wells Tong used for?

    Cervical Spine.

66. 66

    What is a Pin Cutter used for?

    To cut Kirschner wires (K-wires), Steinmann pins, cerclage wires, and spinal rods.

67. 67

    What is an Osteotome used for?

    To cut, reshape, or score bone.

68. 68

    What is a Mallet used for?

    A hammer-like instrument used to drive osteotomes, chisels, and bone gouges through dense bone.

69. 69

    What is a Blair Knife used for?

    Skin Grafting.

70. 70

    What is a Verbrugge instrument used for?

    To grasp, stabilize, and manipulate fractured bone fragments.

71. 71

    What is a Reduction Bone Clamp used for?

    To grasp, align, and compress fractured bone fragments.

72. 72

    What is a Rongeur used for?

    To gouge out bone, break up tough cartilage, or remove dense soft tissue.

73. 73

    What is a Pituitary Rongeur used for?

    To grasp and remove loose, extruded fragments, commonly used in spinal surgery.

74. 74

    What is a Curette used for?

    To scrape away abnormal tissue and harvest bone grafts.

75. 75

    What is a Cobb's Elevator used for?

    To lift, separate, and scrape tough muscle tissue and periosteum.

76. 76

    What is a Skin Stapler used for?

    To rapidly close superficial skin incisions and wounds.

77. 77

    What is a Skin Staple Remover used for?

    To safely, quickly, and painlessly remove medical skin staples.