Copy of Endocrine System and Homeostasis Completed Notes 202

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This deck includes 51 flashcards covering nervous system, hormones produced, function, and related concepts. Use it to review key Math ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

1. 01

   What system works in parallel with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis by releasing chemical hormones?

   The endocrine system.

2. 02

   What are hormones?

   Chemical messengers sent to many parts of the body to produce a specific effect on a target cell or organ.

3. 03

   What is an endocrine gland?

   A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.

4. 04

   What do the nervous and endocrine systems both facilitate?

   Cellular communication and control.

5. 05

   Which system uses neurons for cellular communication?

   The nervous system.

6. 06

   Which system uses glands to secrete chemical messengers called hormones?

   The endocrine system.

7. 07

   How are nervous system messages transmitted?

   Rapidly to precise locations.

8. 08

   How does the endocrine system's response typically compare to the nervous system's?

   Slower and longer acting, affecting a broader range of cells.

9. 09

   List the major endocrine glands.

   Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes.

10. 10

    What is the function of the hypothalamus?

    It regulates the anterior pituitary.

11. 11

    What are the two types of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus?

    Hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic inhibiting hormones.

12. 12

    What is the function of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?

    Stimulates cell division, bone and muscle growth, and metabolic functions.

13. 13

    What does Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulate?

    The thyroid gland.

14. 14

    What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

    The adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol).

15. 15

    What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

    Promotes the retention of water by the kidneys.

16. 16

    What hormone is produced by the pineal gland?

    Melatonin.

17. 17

    What is the function of melatonin?

    Influences the body's daily sleep/wake cycle.

18. 18

    What are the two main hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

    Thyroxine and Calcitonin.

19. 19

    What is the function of Thyroxine?

    Increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development.

20. 20

    What is the function of Calcitonin?

    Targets bones and kidneys to lower calcium by inhibiting release of calcium from bone and reabsorption by kidneys.

21. 21

    What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone?

    Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone cells to release calcium, the intestine to absorb calcium, and the kidneys to reabsorb calcium.

22. 22

    What are the main hormones produced by the adrenal glands?

    Cortisol, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Aldosterone.

23. 23

    What is the function of Cortisol?

    Stimulates tissues to raise blood glucose and break down protein.

24. 24

    What are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine also known as?

    Fight or flight hormones.

25. 25

    What is the function of Aldosterone?

    Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys.

26. 26

    What are the two main hormones produced by the pancreas?

    Insulin and Glucagon.

27. 27

    What is the function of Insulin?

    Lowers blood glucose levels and promotes the formation of glycogen in the liver.

28. 28

    What is the function of Glucagon?

    Raises blood glucose levels and promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

29. 29

    What hormone is produced by the ovaries?

    Estrogen.

30. 30

    What is the function of Estrogen?

    Stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics.

31. 31

    What hormone is produced by the testes?

    Testosterone.

32. 32

    What is the function of Testosterone?

    Promotes sperm formation and development of male secondary sex characteristics.

33. 33

    Describe the mechanism of the Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Complex.

    Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormone to anterior pituitary, which releases stimulating hormone into bloodstream, which stimulates target gland to release target gland hormone.

34. 34

    How is thyroxine regulated?

    Through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland.

35. 35

    What is the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

    It lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating uptake into bones and inhibiting reabsorption in kidneys and absorption in intestines.

36. 36

    What is the short-term stress response also called?

    The fight or flight response.

37. 37

    What hormones are involved in the short-term stress response?

    Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline).

38. 38

    What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine during the short-term stress response?

    Increased metabolism, breathing rate, heart rate, blood sugar, and pupil dilation; decreased stomach action; constricted blood vessels.

39. 39

    What hormone is involved in the long-term stress response?

    Cortisol (a glucocorticoid).

40. 40

    What is the main function of cortisol in the long-term stress response?

    To raise blood sugar levels through the metabolism of proteins and fats.

41. 41

    Describe the mechanism of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release.

    Danger detected -> Hypothalamus secretes CRH -> Anterior pituitary releases ACTH -> Adrenal glands release cortisol.

42. 42

    How does increased cortisol affect ACTH production?

    Increased cortisol causes negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, suppressing ACTH production and cortisol release.

43. 43

    What is the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

    They are antagonistic hormones with opposite effects on blood glucose levels.

44. 44

    What happens when blood glucose levels rise after eating?

    The pancreas produces insulin, making target cells more permeable to glucose.

45. 45

    What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

    The pancreas secretes glucagon, stimulating the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose.

46. 46

    What does 'negative' mean in the context of feedback loops?

    Negating the change or subtracting from the stimulus.

47. 47

    What is the goal of negative feedback loops in blood sugar regulation?

    To maintain blood glucose levels within a homeostatic range (e.g., around 90 mg/100 mL blood).

48. 48

    What triggers the release of glucagon?

    Low blood glucose levels.

49. 49

    What is the effect of glucagon on the liver?

    The liver breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose into the blood.

50. 50

    What triggers the release of insulin?

    High blood glucose levels (rising after eating).

51. 51

    What is the effect of insulin on body cells and the liver?

    Body cells take up more glucose; the liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen.