Circulatory System Guided Notes Bio2201 Chapter 7

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This deck includes 77 flashcards covering circulatory system, heart handles, vena cava, and related concepts. Use it to review key Math ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

1. 01

   What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

   To transport blood, and the cells and substances suspended in the blood, throughout the body.

2. 02

   What is another name for the circulatory system?

   Cardiovascular system

3. 03

   List the three main functions of the circulatory system.

   1. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste materials. 2. Homeostasis (regulating temperature, transporting hormones). 3. Protection (against blood loss and pathogens).

4. 04

   What are the three major parts of the circulatory system?

   Heart, transport vessels, and blood.

5. 05

   What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?

   It is the pumping mechanism that pushes blood through the body and generates blood flow.

6. 06

   What are the transport vessels in the circulatory system?

   Arteries, veins, and capillaries, which serve as 'roadways' for blood.

7. 07

   What is the role of blood in the circulatory system?

   It is the transport medium, carrying nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, wastes, and other materials.

8. 08

   Where is the heart located within the chest?

   Within the middle of the chest, slightly to the left.

9. 09

   What type of muscle tissue makes up the heart?

   Cardiac muscle, which can contract on its own.

10. 10

    How many chambers does the human heart have?

    Four chambers: two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles.

11. 11

    What is the function of the atria in the heart?

    The two upper chambers (left and right atrium) collect blood flowing INTO the heart.

12. 12

    What is the function of the ventricles in the heart?

    The two lower chambers (left and right ventricle) receive blood from the corresponding atrium and pump it OUT to the body or lungs.

13. 13

    Which side of the heart handles oxygen-rich blood?

    The left side (LA and LV) receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

14. 14

    Which side of the heart handles oxygen-poor blood?

    The right side (RA and RV) receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

15. 15

    What is the septum in the heart?

    The muscular wall separating the left and right sides of the heart, preventing mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.

16. 16

    How many blood vessels are connected to the heart?

    Five major blood vessels are connected to the heart.

17. 17

    What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

    Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium (LA).

18. 18

    What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

    Carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle (RV) to the lungs.

19. 19

    What is the function of the aorta?

    The major artery that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the left ventricle (LV) to all regions of the body except the lungs.

20. 20

    What is the function of the superior vena cava?

    Collects oxygen-poor blood from the upper body (head, chest, arms) and returns it to the right atrium (RA).

21. 21

    What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

    Collects oxygen-poor blood from the lower body and returns it to the right atrium (RA).

22. 22

    How many valves does the heart have to ensure one-way blood flow?

    Four valves.

23. 23

    What is the bicuspid valve also known as?

    Left AV (atrioventricular) valve or mitral valve.

24. 24

    How many flaps does the bicuspid valve have and what is its function?

    It has two flaps and ensures blood flows from the left atrium (LA) to the left ventricle (LV), preventing backflow.

25. 25

    What is the tricuspid valve also known as?

    Right AV valve.

26. 26

    How many flaps does the tricuspid valve have and what is its function?

    It has three flaps and ensures blood flows from the right atrium (RA) to the right ventricle (RV).

27. 27

    What is the function of the semilunar valves?

    They direct blood flow away from the ventricles.

28. 28

    What is the function of the aortic semilunar valve?

    It has a half-moon shape and directs blood from the left ventricle (LV) to the aorta.

29. 29

    What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

    It has a half-moon shape and directs blood from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary artery.

30. 30

    What is the acronym for remembering the location of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

    LAB RAT (Left Atria - Bicuspid valve, Right Atria - Tricuspid Valve).

31. 31

    Trace the path of blood flow through the heart, starting from the right atrium.

    Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary System → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta (Rest of body).

32. 32

    What is the typical resting heartbeat rate?

    About 70 bpm.

33. 33

    What controls the heartbeat?

    An electrical signal that originates in the heart itself.

34. 34

    What are the two nodes involved in controlling the heartbeat?

    The Sinus Node (SA Node) and the Atrioventricular Node (AV Node).

35. 35

    What is the function of the Sinus Node (SA Node)?

    It generates an electrical signal that spreads over the two atria, causing them to contract rhythmically. It is called the Pacemaker of the heart.

36. 36

    What is the function of the Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)?

    It receives the stimulus from the SA Node and causes the walls of the ventricles to contract.

37. 37

    What does an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) measure?

    The change in voltage of the electrical signals produced by the SA and AV Nodes.

38. 38

    What is an electrocardiograph?

    The image produced by an electrocardiogram.

39. 39

    What is blood pressure?

    The pressure exerted against blood vessel walls as blood passes through the vessels.

40. 40

    In what units is blood pressure recorded?

    Millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

41. 41

    What is systolic pressure?

    The top BP number, representing the maximum pressure during ventricular contraction.

42. 42

    What is diastolic pressure?

    The bottom BP number, representing the lowest pressure before the next contraction.

43. 43

    What is the normal blood pressure range?

    Systolic 120 or less AND Diastolic 80 or less.

44. 44

    What is maximum heart rate?

    The highest heart rate attained during an all-out physical effort.

45. 45

    What is the formula for maximum heart rate?

    Maximum heart rate = 220 – age.

46. 46

    What is the most important indicator of cardiovascular fitness?

    The length of time it takes the heart to recover to its resting heart rate following physical activity.

47. 47

    List three benefits of routine cardiovascular exercise.

    Enlarges ventricles, strengthens walls of heart, and heart develops more power to push blood out.

48. 48

    What are the three main types of blood vessels?

    Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

49. 49

    What is an artery?

    A blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, with thick, highly elastic walls.

50. 50

    What is a vein?

    A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood towards the heart, with thinner walls and one-way valves to prevent backflow.

51. 51

    What is a capillary?

    The smallest blood vessel, one cell thick, where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste occurs.

52. 52

    How does arterial blood differ from venous blood in appearance?

    Arterial blood is bright red (lots of oxygen), while venous blood is dark crimson (lots of CO2).

53. 53

    What are the three pathways for blood flow in the body?

    Coronary Pathway, Pulmonary Pathway, and Systemic Pathway.

54. 54

    What is the Pulmonary Pathway?

    Pathway from the heart to the lungs (oxygen-poor blood) via the pulmonary artery and lungs to the heart (oxygen-rich blood) via the pulmonary vein.

55. 55

    What is the Systemic Pathway?

    Pathway between the heart and the upper and lower body.

56. 56

    What is the Coronary Circuit?

    Blood flow through the cardiac muscle cells of the heart.

57. 57

    What are the four main components of blood?

    Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets.

58. 58

    What percentage of blood is plasma?

    55%.

59. 59

    What is plasma made up of?

    Water, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products.

60. 60

    What percentage of blood is red blood cells?

    44%.

61. 61

    What percentage of blood is white blood cells and platelets?

    1%.

62. 62

    What is the main component of plasma by percentage?

    Water (~92%).

63. 63

    What is the primary role of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

    They contain hemoglobin and are specialized for oxygen transport.

64. 64

    What is hemoglobin?

    An iron-containing molecule in red blood cells that binds with oxygen.

65. 65

    Describe the shape and nucleus of red blood cells.

    Disc-shaped, biconcave, and lack a nucleus.

66. 66

    What is the primary role of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

    To protect the body from infection through the immune response.

67. 67

    How do white blood cells compare in size to red blood cells, and do they have a nucleus?

    WBCs are larger than RBCs and contain a nucleus.

68. 68

    What are examples of white blood cells?

    Lymphocytes and macrophages.

69. 69

    What are platelets?

    Fragments of cells that play a major role in blood clotting.

70. 70

    What is blood clotting?

    A positive feedback mechanism that prevents excessive blood loss after an injury.

71. 71

    List the steps of blood clotting.

    1. Injury to blood vessel. 2. Broken vessel attracts platelets. 3. Platelets rupture and release chemicals to form thromboplastin. 4. Thrombin is produced. 5. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibrin. 6. Fibrin forms a mesh (blood clot).

72. 72

    What happens during vasodilation?

    Arteriole smooth muscles relax, widening the vessel diameter to increase blood flow near the skin's surface for heat loss.

73. 73

    What happens during vasoconstriction?

    Arteriole smooth muscles contract, narrowing the vessel diameter to reduce blood flow to the skin's surface, conserving heat.

74. 74

    List three circulatory diseases or disorders.

    Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Congenital Heart Problems, Coronary Blockage, Hemophilia.

75. 75

    What is arteriosclerosis?

    Hardening of the arteries.

76. 76

    What is atherosclerosis?

    Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

77. 77

    What is sickle-cell anemia?

    A condition where abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, leading to blockages.