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This deck includes 34 flashcards covering active transport, macroscopic transport, circulatory system, and related concepts. Use it to review key Biology ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

1. 01

   What property of the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves?

   Semi-permeable

2. 02

   What is Passive Transport?

   Movement of molecules across the cell membrane requiring no cellular energy, moving down a concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW).

3. 03

   What is Simple Diffusion?

   Small, uncharged molecules slipping directly through the cell membrane lipid bilayer.

4. 04

   What is Facilitated Diffusion?

   Larger or charged molecules passing through specialized channel or carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

5. 05

   What is Osmosis?

   The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane to dilute areas with a higher solute concentration.

6. 06

   What is Active Transport?

   Movement of molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient (LOW to HIGH), requiring cellular energy (ATP).

7. 07

   What is an example of a Protein Pump in Active Transport?

   The Sodium-Potassium pump, used to charge nerve cells.

8. 08

   What is Bulk Transport in cells?

   Using membrane vesicles to move large cargo across the cell membrane.

9. 09

   Describe Endocytosis.

   The cell membrane folds inward, engulfing external materials into a vesicle.

10. 10

    Describe Exocytosis.

    A vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, releasing its contents outside the cell.

11. 11

    What are the two scales of transport mechanisms?

    Microscopic (Cellular) and Macroscopic (Systemic).

12. 12

    What is the primary system for Macroscopic Transport in Animals?

    The Circulatory System, using a heart and blood vessels.

13. 13

    What is an Open Circulatory System?

    Blood is not enclosed in vessels and freely bathes organs in a body cavity (e.g., insects, crabs).

14. 14

    What is a Closed Circulatory System?

    Blood is contained within a high-pressure network of arteries, capillaries, and veins (e.g., vertebrates).

15. 15

    What is the primary system for Macroscopic Transport in Plants?

    The Vascular System, using Xylem and Phloem.

16. 16

    How does Xylem transport water in plants?

    Via transpiration pull, where water evaporation from leaves creates suction that pulls water up from the roots.

17. 17

    How does Phloem transport sugars in plants?

    Via pressure-flow translocation, where pumping sugar into phloem causes water to enter, creating pressure that moves sap.

18. 18

    What is the Cell Cycle?

    The sequence of a cell's life from formation to division, including preparation and the division itself.

19. 19

    What is Interphase?

    The preparatory phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, copies DNA, and synthesizes proteins, lasting about 90% of the cell's life.

20. 20

    What occurs during the G1 Phase of Interphase?

    The cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and builds molecular building blocks.

21. 21

    What occurs during the S Phase of Interphase?

    The cell makes a complete, identical copy of its DNA.

22. 22

    What occurs during the G2 Phase of Interphase?

    The cell grows slightly, double-checks DNA for errors, and synthesizes proteins needed for division.

23. 23

    What is the G0 Phase?

    A resting state where cells exit the cell cycle and do not actively prepare to divide (e.g., mature nerve cells).

24. 24

    What is the M Phase of the Cell Cycle?

    The Mitotic Phase, where active cell division (mitosis or meiosis) takes place.

25. 25

    What is Mitosis?

    A type of cell division for body cells that results in two identical daughter cells.

26. 26

    What happens during Prophase of Mitosis?

    DNA condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

27. 27

    What happens during Metaphase of Mitosis?

    Chromosomes line up single-file at the cell's equator, attached to microscopic fibers.

28. 28

    What happens during Anaphase of Mitosis?

    Identical halves of chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell by shortening fibers.

29. 29

    What happens during Telophase of Mitosis?

    Chromosomes reach the poles, uncoil, and two new nuclear envelopes form around each set of DNA.

30. 30

    What is Cytokinesis?

    The physical pinching and division of the cytoplasm, officially separating one cell into two after telophase.

31. 31

    What is Meiosis?

    A type of cell division for sex cells (sperm/egg) that divides twice to produce four genetically unique haploid cells.

32. 32

    Mitosis vs. Meiosis — number of divisions?

    Mitosis = 1; Meiosis = 2.

33. 33

    Mitosis vs. Meiosis — ploidy of daughter cells?

    Mitosis = diploid; Meiosis = haploid.

34. 34

    Mitosis vs. Meiosis — genetic variation in daughters?

    Mitosis = identical; Meiosis = unique (due to crossing over and independent assortment).