Life Science 11 Exam Sheet of It All

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This deck includes 89 flashcards covering endosymbiotic theory, insect success, homologous structures, and related concepts. Use it to review key Biology ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

1. 01

   What are the aortic arches in an earthworm?

   They function as "hearts" to pump blood.

2. 02

   What is the fourth piece of evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory regarding membranes?

   Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes, suggesting engulfment by an ancestral cell.

3. 03

   What is the fifth piece of evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory regarding genetic links?

   Genetic evidence links mitochondria and chloroplasts to specific bacterial groups.

4. 04

   List the 6 independent lines of evidence for evolution.

   1. Fossil record, 2. Comparative anatomy (homologous structures), 3. Vestigial structures, 4. Comparative embryology, 5. Comparative DNA/Molecular evidence, 6. Direct observations of evolution

5. 05

   What is the function of the notochord in chordates?

   Lies between the dorsal nerve cord and digestive tract, providing stiffness.

6. 06

   What is the function of pharyngeal slits in chordates?

   Located in the pharynx, they join the mouth to the digestive and respiratory tracts.

7. 07

   What is the function of the post-anal tail in chordates?

   The tail extends past the anus.

8. 08

   How do diverse jointed appendages contribute to insect success?

   Allow insects to move, feed, sense surroundings, and occupy many ecological niches.

9. 09

   What is the first piece of evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory regarding DNA?

   Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is circular like bacterial DNA.

10. 10

    What are the 3 characteristics shared by all chordates at some point in development?

    1. Notochord, 2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord, 3. Pharyngeal slits

11. 11

    What is the function of the dorsal hollow nerve cord in chordates?

    The nerve cord runs along the dorsal (top) side and is hollow.

12. 12

    What does the exoskeleton provide for insects?

    Protection, support, and reduces water loss.

13. 13

    List the 6 common properties of viruses.

    1. Contain genetic material (DNA or RNA), 2. Have a protein coat (capsid), 3. Cannot reproduce independently, 4. Require a host cell for replication, 5. Lack cellular structures (no cytoplasm, ribosomes, organelles), 6. Evolve through mutation and natural selection

14. 14

    List the 7 common properties of bacteria.

    1. Are prokaryotic (no nucleus), 2. Are unicellular, 3. Have DNA in a nucleoid region, 4. Have ribosomes, 5. Usually have a cell wall, 6. Reproduce by binary fission, 7. Carry out metabolism independently

15. 15

    List the 6 common properties of all cells.

    1. Have a plasma (cell) membrane, 2. Contain cytoplasm, 3. Contain genetic material (DNA), 4. Have ribosomes for protein synthesis, 5. Carry out metabolism, 6. Maintain homeostasis

16. 16

    What is the second piece of evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory regarding ribosomes?

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts have bacterial-sized ribosomes.

17. 17

    Define homologous structures.

    Structures with a common evolutionary origin but possibly different functions.

18. 18

    Define analogous structures.

    Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.

19. 19

    What is the function of the crop in an earthworm?

    Food storage.

20. 20

    What is the function of the gizzard in an earthworm?

    Food grinding.

21. 21

    What is the function of the intestine in an earthworm?

    Digestion and absorption.

22. 22

    What is the function of the ventral blood vessel in an earthworm?

    Circulation.

23. 23

    What is the third piece of evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory regarding reproduction?

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently by binary fission.

24. 24

    How does metamorphosis contribute to insect success?

    Different life stages use different food sources and habitats, reducing competition between young and adults and increasing survival.

25. 25

    What does MADDR stand for in relation to the Endosymbiotic Theory?

    Membranes, Antibiotics, Division, DNA, Ribosomes

26. 26

    What is the function of the prostomium in an earthworm?

    Sensory lobe over the mouth.

27. 27

    What is the function of the clitellum in an earthworm?

    Reproduction.

28. 28

    What is the function of the nephridia in an earthworm?

    Excretion.

29. 29

    What is the function of setae in an earthworm?

    Bristles for movement.

30. 30

    Provide an example of homologous structures.

    Human arm, whale flipper, bat wing

31. 31

    Provide an example of analogous structures.

    Bird wing and insect wing

32. 32

    What is the function of the dorsal blood vessel in an earthworm?

    Circulation.

33. 33

    Describe Gram-positive bacteria.

    Thick peptidoglycan cell wall, retains purple stain, often more susceptible to some antibiotics.

34. 34

    Describe Gram-negative bacteria.

    Thick peptidoglycan cell wall, retains purple stain, often more susceptible to some antibiotics.

35. 35

    What are the characteristics of aerobic bacteria?

    Requires oxygen for cellular respiration and usually produces large amounts of ATP.

36. 36

    What are the characteristics of facultative anaerobic bacteria?

    Can survive with or without oxygen; uses oxygen when available but can switch to anaerobic metabolism.

37. 37

    Describe autotrophs by nutrition.

    Produces its own food, may use sunlight (photosynthesis) or chemicals (chemosynthesis).

38. 38

    Describe heterotrophs by nutrition.

    Obtains food from other organisms or organic matter; includes many decomposers and disease-causing bacteria.

39. 39

    What is the stamen in a flowering plant?

    The male reproductive organ.

40. 40

    What does the anther produce?

    Pollen grains.

41. 41

    What do pollen grains contain?

    Male gametes (sperm cells).

42. 42

    What is the pistil (carpel) in a flowering plant?

    The female reproductive organ.

43. 43

    What is the function of the stigma?

    Sticky surface that receives pollen.

44. 44

    What is the function of the style?

    Tube-like structure connecting the stigma to the ovary.

45. 45

    What does the ovary contain?

    One or more ovules.

46. 46

    What does an ovule contain?

    The female gamete (egg cell).

47. 47

    What does an ovule develop into after fertilization?

    A seed.

48. 48

    What is pollination in plant reproduction?

    The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

49. 49

    What happens during pollen tube formation?

    A tube grows from the pollen grain down through the style to the ovary.

50. 50

    List the 8 characteristics of all living things.

    1. Made of one or more cells, 2. Contain genetic material (DNA), 3. Obtain and use energy (metabolism), 4. Grow and develop, 5. Respond to stimuli, 6. Maintain homeostasis, 7. Reproduce, 8. Evolve/adapt over generations

51. 51

    List the 5 factors contributing to insect success.

    1. Exoskeleton, 2. Diverse Jointed Appendages, 3. Small Size, 4. Rapid and Numerous Reproduction, 5. Complete and Incomplete Metamorphosis

52. 52

    How does small size contribute to insect success?

    Requires fewer resources, allows access to small habitats, and helps avoid predators and competition.

53. 53

    How does rapid and numerous reproduction contribute to insect success?

    Short life cycles and large numbers of offspring enable populations to grow quickly and adapt to changing conditions.

54. 54

    What are the characteristics of anaerobic bacteria?

    Lives without oxygen; some are harmed or killed by oxygen.

55. 55

    What is the function of the filament in a stamen?

    Supports the anther and positions it for pollen dispersal.

56. 56

    What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

    Controls cell activities, contains DNA.

57. 57

    What is the function of the rough ER in a eukaryotic cell?

    Protein transport.

58. 58

    What is the function of the smooth ER in a eukaryotic cell?

    Lipid synthesis.

59. 59

    What is the function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

    Cellular respiration, ATP production.

60. 60

    What is the function of lysosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

    Digestion of materials.

61. 61

    What is the function of vacuoles in a eukaryotic cell?

    Storage.

62. 62

    What is the function of the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell?

    Site of reactions.

63. 63

    What is the function of the cell membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

    Regulates transport.

64. 64

    What is the function of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells (plants/fungi)?

    Support.

65. 65

    What is the function of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells (plants)?

    Photosynthesis.

66. 66

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton in a eukaryotic cell?

    Structure and movement.

67. 67

    Compare the nucleus in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

    Prokaryotes: Absent; Eukaryotes: Present.

68. 68

    Compare DNA shape in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

    Prokaryotes: Circular; Eukaryotes: Linear.

69. 69

    Compare size in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

    Prokaryotes: Typically smaller (0.1-5.0um); Eukaryotes: Typically larger (10-100um).

70. 70

    Compare ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

    Prokaryotes: Present (Smaller); Eukaryotes: Present (Larger).

71. 71

    Compare cell walls in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

    Prokaryotes: Present (Complex); Eukaryotes: Present in plants/fungi (Simple); Absent in animals.

72. 72

    What is mutation in evolution?

    Random change in DNA; creates new alleles (genetic variation); source of all new genetic traits.

73. 73

    What is natural selection in evolution?

    Individuals with advantageous traits survive/reproduce more; beneficial traits become more common over time; leads to adaptation.

74. 74

    What is gene flow in evolution?

    Movement of genes between populations (migration); adds or removes alleles; makes populations more similar.

75. 75

    What is genetic drift in evolution?

    Random change in allele frequencies; strongest in small populations; includes bottleneck + founder effect.

76. 76

    What are the steps of the Lytic Cycle of viruses?

    1. Attachment, 2. Entry, 3. Replication, 4. Assembly, 5. Release

77. 77

    What are the steps of the Lysogenic Cycle of viruses?

    1. Attachment, 2. Entry, 3. Viral DNA integrates into host DNA, 4. Host cell reproduces, 5. May later enter lytic cycle.

78. 78

    What is non-random mating (sexual selection) in evolution?

    Individuals choose mates based on traits; traits that improve mating success become more common; doesn't always improve survival.

79. 79

    List the components of virus structure.

    Genetic material (DNA or RNA), Capsid (protein coat), Envelope (some viruses), Surface proteins/spikes.

80. 80

    List the characteristics of viruses.

    Acellular, No metabolism, No ribosomes, Obligate intracellular parasites, Replicate only inside host cells, Mutate and evolve.

81. 81

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic cell?

    Modifies and packages proteins.

82. 82

    What is the function of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

    Protein synthesis.

83. 83

    What is the function of the nucleolus in a eukaryotic cell?

    Produces ribosomes.

84. 84

    What is fertilization in plant reproduction?

    The joining of the male sperm cell (from pollen) with the female egg cell inside the ovule.

85. 85

    What is seed development in plant reproduction?

    The matured ovule transforms into a seed, protecting and nourishing the new plant embryo.

86. 86

    What is fruit development in plant reproduction?

    The ovary wall thickens and ripens into a fruit to protect seeds and aid dispersal.

87. 87

    What is seed dispersal?

    The movement of seeds away from the parent plant via wind, water, animals, or explosion.

88. 88

    What is germination?

    The process where a seed absorbs water, breaks out of its coat, and begins to sprout into a new plant.

89. 89

    List the three bacterial shapes.

    Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spirilla/Spirochetes (spiral)