Salts

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This deck includes 17 flashcards covering mhfecd method, solubility rules, rules exceptions, and related concepts. Use it to review key Chemistry ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.

1. 01

   MHFECD method: Cool

   Allow the solution to cool so that crystals form.

2. 02

   Solubility rules: exceptions for Group 1 and ammonium ions

   Group 1 and Ammonium ions are soluble, no exceptions.

3. 03

   Solubility rules: exceptions for halides

   Halides (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) are insoluble with Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg₂²⁺.

4. 04

   Solubility rules: exceptions for sulphates

   Sulphates (SO₄²⁻) are insoluble with Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Ca²⁺.

5. 05

   Solubility rules: exceptions for hydroxides

   Hydroxides (OH⁻) are marginally soluble with Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, and are insoluble with others.

6. 06

   How to determine solubility of a compound

   1. Identify the cation and anion. 2. Check if the anion is on the 'always soluble' list. 3. If yes, it's soluble. 4. If no, check if the anion is on an 'insoluble' list. 5. If yes, check for exceptions. 6. If no exceptions, it's insoluble.

7. 07

   Preparation of soluble salts: acids + bases

   React an acid with a base (neutralisation). Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.

8. 08

   Preparation of soluble salts: acids + carbonates

   React an acid with a carbonate. Example: HCl + CaCO₃ → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂.

9. 09

   Preparation of soluble salts: acids + metals

   React an acid with a metal. Example: HCl + Zn → ZnCl₂ + H₂.

10. 10

    Preparation of insoluble salts: ionic precipitation

    Mix two soluble salts containing the required ions. Example: AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO₃(aq).

11. 11

    MHFECD method: Mix/Stir

    Mix or stir the solutions together thoroughly.

12. 12

    MHFECD method: Heat

    Heat the mixture if necessary to speed up the reaction.

13. 13

    MHFECD method: Filter

    Filter to separate the solid precipitate from the solution.

14. 14

    MHFECD method: Evaporate

    Evaporate the solvent gently until crystals start to form or until all the solution is removed.

15. 15

    Solubility rules: always soluble compounds

    Nitrates (NO₃⁻), Group 1 Salts (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺), Ammonium Ion (NH₄⁺).

16. 16

    Solubility rules: usually insoluble compounds

    Carbonates (CO₃²⁻), Phosphates (PO₄³⁻), Ions (except Group 1 and NH₄⁺), Hydroxides (OH⁻) (except Group 1 and NH₄⁺).

17. 17

    MHFECD method: Dry

    Dry the salt between filter papers or in a warm place/oven (do not overheat).