8 Predavanje Dijagnostika i mjerenja
by @user_221e3db
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Jun 14, 2026
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This deck includes 83 flashcards covering air permeability, blower door, door test, and related concepts. Use it to review key ideas, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your exam with StudyLess.
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83 total- 01
What is air permeability in buildings?
Uncontrolled air flow through the building envelope due to porous materials or cracks.
- 02
How does air permeability affect a building's energy performance?
Uncontrolled air exchange increases heating and cooling demands.
- 03
What is the Blower Door Test?
A test using a fan and pressure measurement to determine a building's air permeability.
- 04
What are the main components of a Blower Door device?
A frame with a airtight cloth, a fan, and a control unit connected to a computer.
- 05
What are the purposes of determining building air permeability?
To compare with design/prescribed requirements, compare results, identify leaks, and confirm reconstruction quality.
- 06
How is air permeability compared to design requirements?
By comparing the measured air permeability of the building envelope or its parts with designed and prescribed requirements.
- 07
What is the relationship between air permeability and heat loss?
Higher air permeability leads to greater heat loss due to uncontrolled air exchange.
- 08
What is the minimum air permeability for passive houses?
0.60 h⁻¹
- 09
What are the annual heat losses for passive houses with minimum air permeability?
Approximately 2.90 kWh/m²
- 10
What is the legal framework for energy audits in Croatia?
Ordinance on energy audit of buildings and energy certification, and Technical regulation on rational energy use and thermal protection in buildings.
- 11
What is the Croatian standard for air permeability measurement?
HRN EN ISO 9972:2015
- 12
What is the scope of ISO 9972:2015?
It is intended for the measurement of air permeability of buildings or parts of buildings using the fan pressurization method.
- 13
What information is required for an energy certificate of a new building?
Data from the main project, results of air permeability tests, contractor's statement, visual inspection, and supervisor's report.
- 14
What are the technical requirements for rational energy use and thermal protection in buildings?
Maximum permissible annual heating energy, primary energy, transmission heat loss coefficient, prevention of overheating, permissible air permeability, reduction of thermal bridges, prevention of condensation, efficiency of technical systems, and use of renewable energy sources.
- 15
What is the permissible air permeability of a building envelope?
Building envelopes must be designed and constructed for minimal air permeability, with specific requirements for windows, balcony doors, and roof windows.
- 16
Under what conditions is higher air permeability than prescribed allowed?
If it is necessary to maintain hygiene and health conditions, or due to the use of heating/cooking appliances with open flames.
- 17
What is the required air exchange rate for residential buildings with occupants?
At least n = 0.5 h⁻¹
- 18
What is the required air exchange rate for unoccupied parts of residential buildings?
At least n = 0.2 h⁻¹
- 19
How is air permeability proven according to regulations?
Through testing on newly built or reconstructed existing buildings according to HRN EN ISO 9972:2015, method 1, before the technical inspection.
- 20
What is the maximum air flow rate at 50 Pa for buildings without mechanical ventilation?
n50 = 3.0 h⁻¹
- 21
What is the maximum air flow rate at 50 Pa for buildings with mechanical ventilation?
n50 = 1.5 h⁻¹
- 22
For which buildings are the air permeability requirements mandatory?
Nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) and buildings being designed with specific energy performance criteria.
- 23
What is Q''H,nd?
Annual heating energy demand per unit of useful floor area of the heated building part.
- 24
What does the Blower Door Test measure?
It measures the volume airflow created by a pressure difference of 50 Pa between the exterior and interior of the building envelope.
- 25
How is the air change rate (ACH) calculated?
By dividing the measured volume airflow (m³/h) by the interior volume of the tested space (m³).
- 26
What is the standard for ventilation heat loss calculation for existing buildings when Blower Door data is unavailable?
HRN EN 13465:2004 (Ventilation in buildings - Calculation procedures for determining ventilation in residential buildings).
- 27
What are the typical ventilation losses for different building constructions at 50 Pa?
Wooden construction: 3, Masonry construction: 8, Concrete/glazed construction: 3.
- 28
What is the total air change rate in the example calculation?
8 h⁻¹
- 29
What data is required before starting an air permeability measurement?
Data on the building's surface area, volume, and envelope area.
- 30
What are the limitations of the Minneapolis Blower Door Model 3?
It has a volume capacity range of 19 m³/h to 7,200 m³/h at a 50 Pa pressure difference.
- 31
What is the purpose of thermography?
To investigate building properties, confirm design requirements, locate air leakage, inspect structures, and locate areas of increased moisture.
- 32
What are the pre-measurement steps for air permeability testing?
Measure indoor and outdoor temperatures, close and seal doors to unheated areas, turn off heating appliances, seal open fireplaces, turn off kitchen hoods, and fill floor drains with water.
- 33
What are the measurement procedures during air permeability testing?
Record pressure differences, check for air leakage by touch or with test gas, and identify leakage points at openings, penetrations, and light fixtures.
- 34
What are the post-measurement steps for air permeability testing?
Turn on all previously switched-off devices, remove temporary seals, save measurement results, and load results into a predefined Excel document.
- 35
What is V50?
The airflow required to create a pressure difference of 50 Pa across the building envelope.
- 36
What is n50 (ACH at 50 Pa)?
The number of air changes per hour at a pressure difference of 50 Pa, assuming uniform distribution over the envelope.
- 37
What is w50?
The airflow per unit floor area at a pressure difference of 50 Pa.
- 38
What is q50?
The airflow per unit area at a pressure difference of 50 Pa.
- 39
What is the correlation coefficient in air permeability testing?
A measure of how well the collected data fits the 'best-fit' air permeability curve.
- 40
What is the typical range for the correlation coefficient?
Minimally 0.98 or higher in most conditions.
- 41
What are the 'C' (Coefficient) and 'n' (exponent) in air permeability?
Variables that define the air permeability curve, used to estimate the air permeability rate at any pressure.
- 42
What is thermography?
A non-destructive testing method used to visualize temperature differences.
- 43
What is the most important factor for describing a building's thermal properties?
The heat transfer coefficient (U-value).
- 44
What methods are commonly used to determine the U-value?
Non-destructive methods, primarily infrared thermography and in-situ measurement of heat transfer coefficient.
- 45
What is infrared thermography (IRT) used for?
Evaluating building thermal characteristics, identifying thermal bridges, areas of increased air permeability, and moisture damage.
- 46
What is ISO 9869-2:2018 about?
In-situ measurement of thermal resistance and transmittance - Part 2: Infrared method for frame structure dwelling.
- 47
What are the advantages of IRT?
It is a non-contact, fast, and precise method.
- 48
When should IRT be performed on external building parts?
At night or on cloudy days to avoid issues with solar radiation.
- 49
What are the classifications of thermal bridges based on increased thermal conductivity?
Constructional, geometrical, constructional-geometrical, convective, and environmentally conditioned.
- 50
What are the classifications of thermal bridges based on the cause of occurrence?
Material change, thickness change, and geometry change.
- 51
What are the classifications of thermal bridges by shape?
Point and linear thermal bridges.
- 52
What factors should be considered during thermographic measurements?
Current meteorological conditions, season (heating/cooling), time of day, and atmospheric conditions (especially wind speed).
- 53
What are the conditions for conducting thermographic imaging?
Temperature difference of at least 10°C, constant temperature, imaging at night or early morning, avoiding direct sunlight, low wind speed (max 6-7 m/s), and ensuring access to the structure.
- 54
What is the definition of thermal transmittance?
The amount of heat that passes vertically through a unit area of a building element per unit temperature difference between the air on both sides.
- 55
How is in-situ measurement of thermal transmittance performed?
Using methods like the Heat Flow Meter (HFM) method or the Temperature Based Method (TBM).
- 56
What equipment is used for the Temperature Based Method (TBM)?
Two temperature sensors, a data logger, and a surface temperature sensor.
- 57
What is the principle behind the TBM methodology?
Newton's law of cooling, stating that the rate of heat transfer is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.
- 58
What are the measured average thermal transmittance values for the tested walls?
0.3061 W/m²K for the wall filled with 'kora' and 0.2113 W/m²K for the wall filled with 'vuna'.
- 59
What does the orange curve represent in the graph?
The U-value (thermal transmittance).
- 60
What is the device for measuring the thermal conductivity of materials?
The TA Instruments FOX-200.
- 61
What is the importance of thermal conductivity?
It is a key factor in defining building elements and describing a material's ability to store heat.
- 62
What is the measurement range for thermal conductivity using the FOX-200?
0.005 to 2.5 W/mK.
- 63
What is a sound level meter?
A device used to measure noise levels.
- 64
What are the measurement intervals for the CEL-246 sound level meter?
30 to 100 dB and 60 to 130 dB.
- 65
What is the average noise level measured in the office space?
56.48 dB.
- 66
What is measured during indoor air quality assessments?
Air quality parameters such as temperature, humidity, CO, and CO2.
- 67
What are the typical applications of indoor air quality measurement?
Checking air quality in buildings with people, optimizing comfort in workplaces, and controlling minor CO leaks.
- 68
What are the benefits of indoor air quality analysis?
Better control of HVAC systems, ensuring good air quality, and saving energy.
- 69
What is 'sick building syndrome'?
A condition where occupants experience health issues related to the building's environment, which can be prevented by air quality measurements.
- 70
How is CO2 concentration typically expressed?
In parts per million (ppm) by volume.
- 71
What is the normal CO2 concentration in outdoor air?
Between 300 and 400 ppm.
- 72
What are typical indoor CO2 levels?
Slightly higher than outdoor levels, often due to exhaled air from occupants.
- 73
What CO2 levels are found in office buildings?
Typically between 350 and 2500 ppm.
- 74
What is the recommended maximum CO2 level for health?
Below 800 ppm.
- 75
What is the main cause of exceeding recommended CO2 levels?
Insufficient ventilation.
- 76
What health problems can be associated with CO2 levels above 1000 ppm?
Eye irritation, respiratory issues, headaches, and fatigue.
- 77
What is the HD37AB17D?
A data logger that measures and records relative humidity, ambient temperature, CO, and CO2.
- 78
Describe the scenario shown in the CO2 measurement graph.
The graph shows CO2 levels rising when a lecture hall is occupied and windows/doors are closed, then dropping when they are opened, and rising again when partially closed.
- 79
What are thermal bridges?
Areas in the building envelope construction that have significantly higher heat transfer, impacting overall energy consumption.
- 80
What is the goal of energy renovation?
To reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
- 81
What can happen if thermal bridges are not adequately addressed during renovation?
Increased heat loss through thermal bridges compared to the existing state.
- 82
What are the conditions for renovating a reconstructed building?
The same conditions as for a new building apply.
- 83
What is a challenge when evaluating the thermal properties of existing and historical buildings?
Using the same criteria and methods as for new buildings, which may not be appropriate.
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