UTS

About this deck

This deck includes 67 flashcards for Psychology. Use it to review key material, focus on weak cards, and prepare for your next exam with StudyLess.

1. 01

   What are the six dimensions of the self?

   Physical Self, Sexual Self, Material/Economic Self, Political Self, Spiritual Self, Digital Self

2. 02

   What are the key aspects of managing and caring for the self?

   Learning to be a better student, Taking charge of one's health, Planning finances, Expressing and loving oneself

3. 03

   What are the class rules?

   Attendance, Turn off mic (Open only if necessary), Comply all requirements, activities, performance tasks, reporting etc., Ensure you have strong internet connection at all times

4. 04

   What is 'the Self'?

   The Self is a complex concept that refers to an individual's identity, consciousness, and sense of being.

5. 05

   What is the nature of 'Understanding the Self'?

   It is an interdisciplinary subject that focuses on the nature of the self, identity, and personhood, aiming to foster self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal growth.

6. 06

   Why is understanding the self important?

   It leads to greater self-awareness, improved relationships, effective decision-making, finding purpose, and mental well-being.

7. 07

   What are the ways to achieve self-understanding?

   Introspection, Feedback from Others, Experience & Reflection, Mindfulness

8. 08

   What is the philosophical perspective of the self?

   It explores how various philosophers have attempted to answer profound questions about the self throughout history.

9. 09

   How does philosophy relate to the self?

   Philosophy, as the 'mother of all sciences,' lays foundational questions about existence, knowledge, values, and identity, including the core question: What is the 'self'?

10. 10

    What was Socrates' core belief about the self?

    Socrates believed in 'Know Thyself,' stating 'An unexamined life is not worth living.' He posited the true self is the immortal soul/mind, not the physical body, and self-knowledge is the ultimate virtue.

11. 11

    What was Plato's view on the tripartite soul?

    Plato proposed the soul has three parts: Rational Soul (Reason, intellect), Spirited Soul (Emotions, courage), and Appetitive Soul (Desires, urges). A just self achieves harmony guided by reason.

12. 12

    What is Aristotle's concept of Hylomorphism regarding the self?

    Aristotle associated the self with Hylomorphism, where body and soul are inseparable. The soul is the 'form' (essence, purpose) and the body is the 'matter' it animates. He also proposed a Hierarchy of Souls (Vegetative, Sensitive, Rational).

13. 13

    What was St. Augustine's view on the self?

    St. Augustine believed the self is intimately linked with God. He emphasized inner conversion, self-reflection to find God within, and viewed the body as a 'snare' for the soul yearning for the Divine.

14. 14

    What is Rene Descartes' famous philosophical statement about the self?

    Rene Descartes' statement is 'I Think, Therefore I Am' (Cogito, Ergo Sum), asserting that the act of doubting proves existence as a thinking being.

15. 15

    What was John Locke's concept of the self?

    John Locke viewed the self as conscious memory. He proposed 'Tabula Rasa' (blank slate) at birth and defined personal identity through the continuity of consciousness and memory.

16. 16

    What was David Hume's critique of the 'self'?

    David Hume, a radical empiricist, argued that the self is merely a bundle of perceptions and there is no permanent self, likening it to a theatrical stage where perceptions appear and disappear.

17. 17

    What was Immanuel Kant's concept of the self?

    Immanuel Kant viewed the self as the 'Organizer of Experience.' He synthesized rationalism and empiricism, proposing 'Transcendental Apperception' where the self is an active, organizing principle synthesizing sensory input.

18. 18

    What was Gilbert Ryle's behaviorist view of the self?

    Gilbert Ryle argued the self is not a hidden mind or soul, but simply the sum of observable behaviors, actions, and dispositions – how we act in the world.

19. 19

    What is Maurice Merleau-Ponty's concept of the embodied self?

    Maurice Merleau-Ponty believed mind and body are intertwined. The self is the 'lived body,' and consciousness is not separate from the physical body; the self is our total, unified, lived experience.

20. 20

    What are Sigmund Freud's three interacting parts of the personality?

    The three parts are: Id (primitive desires, pleasure principle), Ego (reality-oriented, mediates Id and Superego), and Superego (moral conscience, internalized rules).

21. 21

    What is the view of Paul and Patricia Churchland on the self?

    They proposed Eliminative Materialism, stating the self is purely physical, rooted in the brain and its electrochemical processes. Concepts like 'beliefs' are just ways to talk about brain states.

22. 22

    Summarize the historical progression of philosophical views on the self.

    Ancient/Medieval thinkers focused on the soul (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine). Modern philosophers explored mind, consciousness, experience, behavior, and the unconscious (Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Ryle, Merleau-Ponty, Freud). Contemporary thinkers see the self as purely physical, rooted in the brain (Churchlands).

23. 23

    How does sociology view the self compared to philosophy?

    Unlike philosophy's inward focus, sociology looks outward to understand the self as a social product, built and shaped by interactions and society.

24. 24

    What is the sociological insight about the self being 'built'?

    The self isn't just born; it's built and constantly shaped by social experiences, a core insight from sociologists like Durkheim and Weber.

25. 25

    What are social roles according to sociologists like Ralph Linton?

    Society provides various 'roles' (e.g., student, child, friend), each with expectations for behavior, thought, and feeling. Playing these parts helps build our sense of self.

26. 26

    Explain Charles Horton Cooley's 'Looking-Glass Self'.

    Our self-image is a reflection of how we imagine others see us, like looking into a social mirror. We see ourselves based on perceived judgments of others.

27. 27

    Describe George Herbert Mead's concepts of the 'I' and the 'Me'.

    The self develops through social activity. The 'Me' is the socialized self (understanding others' attitudes), the 'object' self. The 'I' is the spontaneous, creative self, initiating action, the 'subject' self.

28. 28

    What is Erving Goffman's 'Life as a Stage' theory?

    We are like actors performing on a stage. Impression management involves 'performances' for others (Front Stage) and relaxation away from the audience (Back Stage).

29. 29

    Explain Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of Habitus, Field, & Capital.

    Habitus: ingrained dispositions from life experiences. Field: social arena for competition. Capital: resources (Economic, Cultural, Social, Symbolic). These shape perceptions, choices, and sense of self.

30. 30

    What is Anthony Giddens' concept of the self as a 'reflexive project'?

    In a changing world, we constantly shape ourselves. Society influences us, but we make choices that change society, making the self a continuous project of self-creation.

31. 31

    Summarize the sociological view of the self.

    The self is a social product, constantly built and reshaped through interactions. External forces mold our inner world via socialization, social roles, and social interaction.

32. 32

    What is the anthropological perspective on the self?

    It focuses on culture, identity, and human diversity, exploring how culture shapes who we are and that the self is tied to specific cultural ways of life.

33. 33

    How is the self viewed as a product of culture in anthropology?

    Anthropology ('study of human beings') explores how culture shapes us. The self is not the same everywhere; it's tied to cultural beliefs and social rules, understood through shared cultural meanings.

34. 34

    Describe Clifford Geertz's concept of the 'bounded' self.

    Geertz viewed culture as a web of shared meanings. In Western cultures, people see themselves as separate, unique individuals with clear boundaries (a 'bounded' self), emphasizing personal achievements and rights.

35. 35

    Explain Marcel Mauss' distinction between 'Moi' and 'Personne'.

    'Moi' is the biological self (physical body, basic functions). 'Personne' is the social self (roles, status, identity given by society), like a mask worn in society.

36. 36

    What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis regarding language and the self?

    The language spoken influences how we think and see the world, including ourselves. Words and grammar shape thoughts, feelings, and identity.

37. 37

    What did Margaret Mead discover about culture and personality?

    Mead explored how cultural upbringing influences personality and gender roles. She showed that 'masculine' and 'feminine' traits vary across societies, suggesting they are learned, not just biological.

38. 38

    What was Ruth Benedict's idea of cultures having 'personalities'?

    Benedict argued cultures have dominant 'personalities' or 'patterns' influencing individuals. She compared cultures (e.g., Apollonian vs. Dionysian) to show how core values shape member behaviors.

39. 39

    What is the key difference between Margaret Mead's and Ruth Benedict's ideas?

    Mead focused on how culture molds individual differences, while Benedict looked at how a culture's overall character influences common traits. Mead zoomed in on the individual; Benedict zoomed out to characterize the culture.

40. 40

    Summarize the anthropological view of the culturally diverse self.

    The 'self' differs across cultures. Our sense of self is shaped by enculturation and cultural views of individuals, deeply connected to our cultural context.

41. 41

    What is the psychological perspective on the self?

    Psychology ('study of soul or mind') examines the self through internal mental processes, emotions, behaviors, and individual development, exploring how unique experiences shape our sense of 'who I am'.

42. 42

    How does psychology view the self in relation to sociology?

    Unlike sociology's focus on external/social influences, psychology examines the self's internal worlds and identity.

43. 43

    Explain Freud's concepts of Id, Ego, and Superego.

    Id: primitive, instinctual desires (pleasure principle). Ego: rational, balances Id with reality (reality principle). Superego: moral conscience, internalized from parents/society.

44. 44

    What are Carl Rogers' concepts of the Real Self and Ideal Self?

    Real Self: Who we actually are (capabilities, experiences). Ideal Self: Who we wish to be (aspirations, goals). A healthy self-concept requires alignment between them.

45. 45

    What are Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Identity Development?

    Erikson proposed identity develops through eight lifespan stages, each with a 'crisis' to resolve, shaping personality and sense of self (e.g., Trust vs. Mistrust, Identity vs. Role Confusion).

46. 46

    How does Jean Piaget's cognitive development impact the self?

    As children's thinking matures, their understanding of 'self' and 'other,' and their ability to take perspectives, grows.

47. 47

    Explain Albert Bandura's concepts of Self-Efficacy and Observational Learning.

    Observational Learning: Learning by watching and imitating others (modeling). Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. Both shape our 'self'.

48. 48

    What is the Johari Window model?

    Developed by Luft and Ingham, it divides personal awareness into four panes: Open Self (Arena), Blind Self (Blind Spot), Hidden Self (Façade), and Unknown Self (Unconscious).

49. 49

    Summarize the psychological perspective on the self.

    The psychological self is a complex interplay of conscious/unconscious processes, development, and learned behaviors, offering diverse insights into our inner world.

50. 50

    What is the overarching theme of the Western Perspective on the self?

    It traces the evolution of the self from ancient philosophy to modern individualism, emphasizing reason, individuality, autonomy, and the mind-body distinction.

51. 51

    How has the Western understanding of the self evolved?

    It has evolved over centuries, influenced by philosophy, religion, and science, with key themes of reason, individualism, autonomy, and mind-body distinction, often highlighting the unique, conscious experience of the individual.

52. 52

    What were the views of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle on the rational and virtuous self?

    Socrates emphasized 'knowing thyself' through self-examination for virtue. Plato proposed a tripartite soul (Reason, Spirit, Appetite). Aristotle viewed humans as rational animals, emphasizing reason and habit for moral character.

53. 53

    What is René Descartes' core assertion about the self?

    Descartes' 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') asserts that the act of doubting and thinking proves one's existence, identifying the self primarily with the conscious mind.

54. 54

    What is the core idea of Individualism regarding the self?

    The individual is the primary unit of moral worth, independent from the group. It emphasizes personal goals, rights, achievements, and the self as a distinct, autonomous unit.

55. 55

    What does Autonomy mean in the context of the self?

    Autonomy is the capacity to make reasoned choices and govern one's life free from external control, implying self-direction and acting according to one's own values and principles.

56. 56

    What does Subjectivity emphasize about the self?

    Subjectivity emphasizes the unique, private, internal experience of the individual. Our understanding is filtered through personal interpretations, feelings, and perspectives ('My truth' is valid).

57. 57

    What is the Eastern Perspective on the self?

    It focuses on understanding the self in relation to others and the universe, emphasizing interconnectedness, interdependence, and the goal of inner peace and harmony.

58. 58

    What is the Eastern Self's overview?

    It has a Holistic View (self as part of a larger whole), emphasizes Interdependence (defined by relationships, not uniqueness), and aims to transcend the ego for inner peace and harmony.

59. 59

    What defines the Confucian Self?

    The Confucian Self is a Relational Self, defined by roles and relationships. Core values include Filial Piety (respect for elders) and Ren (humaneness, compassion). A virtuous self contributes to harmony.

60. 60

    What are the key concepts of the Hindu Self: Atman and Brahman?

    Atman is the true, eternal, unchanging soul. Brahman is the ultimate reality or universal soul. The goal is to realize the individual self (Atman) is not separate from the universal self (Brahman).

61. 61

    What is the Buddhist concept of the 'No-Self' (Anatta)?

    The 'No-Self' doctrine states there is no permanent, unchanging self or soul. The self is an illusion, a collection of fleeting states. The goal is to realize this illusion to overcome suffering.

62. 62

    What is the Taoist Self's approach to living?

    It emphasizes living in harmony with Nature and the Tao (universal principle). The ideal self practices Wu Wei (Effortless Action), is simple, humble, and aligns with the natural flow of the universe.

63. 63

    What are the core principles of the Islamic Self?

    It emphasizes Submission to God, identity within the Ummah (global Muslim community), Stewardship (caring for creation), and Accountability for actions.

64. 64

    What are the key concepts of the Filipino Self?

    Core concepts include Kapwa (shared identity, togetherness), Utang na Loob (debt of gratitude), being Family-Oriented, and Pakikipagkapwa-tao (ideal self is a person who is).

65. 65

    Summarize the key themes of Eastern Perspectives on the self.

    Interconnectedness (self as part of a greater whole), Relationship-Oriented (identity defined by roles/duties), Beyond the Ego (transcending ego for deeper truth), and Harmony (harmonious self contributes to harmonious society).

66. 66

    Contrast Western Individualism and Eastern Collectivism.

    Western Individualism: 'I' consciousness, focus on personal goals, rights, uniqueness. Eastern Collectivism: 'We' consciousness, focus on group harmony, duties, interdependence. Western self is independent; Eastern self is interdependent.

67. 67

    What are the three main sections of the course outline?

    1. The Self from Various Perspectives, 2. Unpacking the Self's Dimensions, 3. Managing and Caring for the Self